The term Cross Timbers is used to describe a strip of land in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language that runs from southeastern Kansas Historically, the area was home to large numbers of nomadic Native Americans who hunted bison. It was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free- across Central Oklahoma The Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area is the primary economic, tourism, commercial, industrial, and grographical hub of Central Oklahoma, as well as its primary cultural center, as the vast majority of Central Oklahoma's residents live in the greater Oklahoma City area. The only Central Oklahoma city which is not considered a suburb of the Oklahoma to Central Texas.^[1] Made up of a mix of prairie Prairies are considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type. Temperate grassland regions include the Pampas of Argentina, and the steppes of Eurasia, savanna A savanna, or savannah, is a grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of C4 grasses. Some classification systems[which?] also recognize a, and woodland Ecologically, a woodland is a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. Woodlands may support an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodland may form a transition to shrubland under drier conditions or during early stages of primary or secondary succession. Higher densities and,^[2][3] it forms part of the boundary between the more heavily forested eastern part of the country and the almost treeless Great Plains The Great Plains are the broad expanse of prairie, steppe and grassland which lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming, and the Canadian,^[2][3][4] and also marks the western habitat A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant or other type of organism. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds (influences and is utilized by) a species population.[citation needed] limit of many mammals Mammals are a class of vertebrate, air-breathing animals whose females are characterized by the possession of mammary glands while both males and females are characterized by hair and/or fur, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain. Some mammals have sweat glands, but most do not and insects Insects are a class within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae. They are among the most diverse group of animals on the planet and include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living.^[2]

No major metropolitan areas lie wholly within the Cross Timbers, although roughly the western half of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex The Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area, a title designated by the U.S. Census as of 2003, encompasses 12 counties within the U.S. state of Texas. The metropolitan area is further divided into two metropolitan divisions: Dallas–Plano–Irving and Fort Worth–Arlington. Residents of the area informally refer to it as the Dallas/ does, including the cities of Fort Worth Fort Worth is the seventeenth-largest city in the United States of America and the fifth-largest city within the state of Texas. Located in North Texas and the western edge of the American South, the city is a cultural gateway into the American West and covers nearly 300 square miles in Tarrant, Parker, Denton, and Wise counties, serving as the, Denton, Arlington Arlington is a city in Tarrant County, Texas within the Dallas–Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area. According to the 2007 census estimate, the city had an estimated population of 374,417, making it the third largest municipality in the Metroplex. Arlington is the seventh-largest city in Texas and the 50th largest city in the United States, and Weatherford.^[3] The western suburbs Suburb mostly refers to a residential area. They may be the residential areas of a city, or separate residential communities within commuting distance of a city. Some suburbs have a degree of political autonomy, and most have lower population density than inner city neighborhoods. Modern suburbs grew in the 20th century as a result of improved of the Tulsa metropolitan area The Tulsa Metropolitan Area is a region in Northeastern Oklahoma with close economic, social, and cultural ties to the city of Tulsa and its urbanized area. The corresponding seven-county Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second-largest in Oklahoma and 55th largest in the United States, containing 1,035,755 residents in 2007, with projections and the northeastern suburbs of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area The Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area is a large urban region located in the central part of the state of Oklahoma. It is often known as Oklahoma City Metroplex or Greater Oklahoma City, and contains the state capital and principal city, Oklahoma City also lie within this area.^[2] The main highways that cross the region are I-35 Interstate 35 is a north–south Interstate Highway in the central United States. I-35 stretches from Laredo, Texas, on the U.S.-Mexico border to Duluth, Minnesota, at Minnesota Highway 61 (London Road) and 26th Avenue East. Many interstates used to have splits or spurs indicated with suffixed letters (N/S/E/W), but I-35 is the only one that still and I-35W going north to south (although they tend to skirt the Cross Timbers' eastern fringe south of Fort Worth) and I-40 Interstate 40 is a major west–east Interstate Highway in the United States. Its western terminus is at Interstate 15 in Barstow, California; its eastern terminus is at a concurrency of U.S. Route 117 and North Carolina Highway 132 in Wilmington, North Carolina. Much of the western portion of I-40, from Oklahoma City to Barstow, parallels or going east to west. Numerous U.S. Highways The system of United States numbered highways is an integrated system of roads and highways in the United States numbered within a nationwide grid. As these highways were coordinated among the states, they are infrequently referred to as Federal Highways, but they have always been maintained by state or local governments since their initial also cross the area.^[2][3]

As an ecoregion An ecoregion , sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone and larger than an ecosystem. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna

The Cross Timbers are defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged to protect human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2, 1970, when its establishment was passed as Ecoregion 29, a Level III ecoregion This list of ecoregions in the United States provides an overview of United States ecoregions designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). The CEC was established in 1994 by the member states of Canada, Mexico, and the United States to address regional environmental concerns under. It is bordered on the west by the Central Great Plains The Great Plains are the broad expanse of prairie, steppe and grassland which lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming, and the Canadian (Ecoregion 27), on the northwest by the Flint Hills The Flint Hills, historically known as Bluestem Pastures or Blue Stem Hills, are a band of hills in eastern Kansas stretching into north-central Oklahoma, extending from Marshall County in the north to Cowley County, Kansas and Osage County, Oklahoma in the south. Oklahomans generally refer to the same geologic formation as the Osage Hills in Kansas (#28), on the northeast by the Central Irregular Plains (#40), on the east chiefly by the Arkansas Valley (#37) in Oklahoma A major producer of natural gas, oil and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's and the Texas Blackland Prairies (#32) in Texas Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States, while San Antonio is the second largest in the state and seventh largest in the United States. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and sixth largest United States metropolitan areas, respectively. Other major cities include El Paso and Austin—the, and on the south by the Edwards Plateau The Edwards Plateau is a region of west-central Texas which is bounded by the Balcones Fault to the south and east, the Llano Uplift and the Llano Estacado to the north, and the Pecos River and Chihuahuan Desert to the west. San Angelo, Austin, San Antonio and Del Rio roughly outline the area (#30). Some organizations and maps refer to the Cross Timbers ecoregion as the Central Oklahoma/Texas Plains.^[4][5]

The woodland and savanna portions of the Cross Timbers are mainly post oak Quercus stellata is an oak in the white oak group. It is a small tree, typically 10–15 m tall and 30–60 cm trunk diameter, though occasional specimens reach 30 m tall and 140 cm diameter. It is native to the eastern United States, from Connecticut in the northeast, west to southern Iowa, southwest to central Texas, and southeast to northern and blackjack oak Quercus marilandica is a small oak, one of the red oak group Quercus sect. Lobatae, but fairly isolated from the others. It is native to the southern and central United States, with populations following the eastern seaboard north to Long Island on coarse, sandy soils;^[4] fire suppression Wildfire suppression refers to the firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires. Firefighting efforts in wildland areas requires different techniques, equipment, and training from the more familiar structure fire fighting found in populated areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed firefighting aircraft, these wildfire-trained crews in recent years has increased forest density and allowed Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana is a species of juniper native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, east of the Great Plains. Further west, it is replaced by the related Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain Juniper), and to the southwest, by Juniperus ashei (Ashe Juniper) to invade as well. The short, stout oaks that grow in the Cross Timbers were no good for timber and those that were not cleared for farmland constitute one of the least disturbed forest types in the eastern United States, with some 890,000 acres (3,600 km²) of old-growth forest Old-growth forest is a forest which contains trees which have attained great age (and associated structural features) and so exhibits unique ecological features scattered throughout the region.^[6] These old-growth forests contain millions of post oak from 200 to 400 years old and redcedar over 500 years old.^[6] The prairie portions are chiefly tallgrass The tallgrass prairie is an ecosystem native to central North America, with fire as its primary periodic disturbance. In the past, tallgrass prairies covered a large portion of the American Midwest, just east of the Great Plains, and portions of the Canadian Prairies. They flourished in areas with rich loess soils and moderate rainfall of around 30 on finer, dry soils;^[2] overall, the Cross Timbers are not as arable In geography, arable land is an agricultural term, meaning land that can be used for growing crops. It is distinct from cultivated land and includes all land where soil and climate is suitable for agriculture, including forests and natural grasslands, and areas falling under human settlement. According to FAO report, the global land area without as the surrounding ecoregions.^[3] Today, land use Land use is the human modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. The major effect of land use on land cover since 1750 has been deforestation of temperate regions. More recent significant effects of land use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation, salinization, is a mixture of rangeland Rangeland refers to expansive, mostly unimproved lands on which a significant proportion of the natural vegetation is native grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, and shrubs. Rangeland also consists of areas seeded to native or adapted introduced species that are managed like native vegetation. Rangelands include natural grasslands, savannas,, pastures Pasture is land with vegetation cover used for grazing of livestock as part of a farm, or in ranching or other unenclosed pastoral systems or used by wild animals for grazing or browsing. Prior to the advent of factory farming, pasture was the primary source of food for grazing animals such as cattle and horses. It is still used extensively,, and farmland In geography, arable land is an agricultural term, meaning land that can be used for growing crops. It is distinct from cultivated land and includes all land where soil and climate is suitable for agriculture, including forests and natural grasslands, and areas falling under human settlement. According to FAO report, the global land area without.^[2] The area has also been an important site of oil extraction Nowadays, the geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs. The "classic" method includes making underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response that provides information about the geological structures under the ground . However, "passive" methods that extract for over eighty years.^[3]

Geologically Geology is the science and study of the physical matter and energy that constitute the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structure, properties, and history of the planet's physical material, the processes by which it is formed, moved, and changed, the history of life on Earth, and human interactions with the speaking, the Cross Timbers are underlain by Pennsylvanian The Pennsylvanian is in the ICS geologic timescale the youngest subperiod or upper subsystem of the Carboniferous Period. It lasted from roughly 318.1± 1.3 to 299± 0.8 Ma . As with most other geochronologic units, the rock beds that define the Pennsylvanian are well identified, but the exact date of the start and end are uncertain by a few and Cretaceous The Cretaceous , Latin for "chalky", usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide (chalk), is a geologic period and system from circa 145.5 ± 4 to 65.5 ± 0.3 million years (Ma) ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows on the Jurassic Period and is followed by the Paleogene Period of the Cenozoic Era. It is the-era sandstone Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, gray and white. Since sandstone beds often form and limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite . Like most other sedimentary rocks, limestones are composed of grains; however, most grains in limestone grains are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and that has been moderately dissected A dissected plateau is a plateau area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp. Such an area may be referred to as mountainous, but dissected plateaus are distinguishable from orogenic mountain belts by the lack of folding, metamorphism, extensive faulting, or magmatic activity that accompanies orogeny, giving the region a gently to moderately rolling topography Topography is the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons, and asteroids. It is also the description of such surface shapes and features (especially their depiction in maps),^[3][4] including some cuestas In structural geology and geomorphology, a cuesta is a ridge formed by gently tilted sedimentary rock strata in a homoclinal structure. Cuestas have a steep slope, where the rock layers are exposed on their edges, called an escarpment or, if more steep, a cliff. Usually an erosion-resistant rock layer also has a more gentle slope on the other side.^[2] Although local relief Terrain, or land relief, is the vertical dimension of land surface. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. Topography has recently become an additional synonym, though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place is relatively low, it is generally greater than that in the surrounding ecoregions, although this is not the case with the Flint Hills in Kansas.^[4]

Ecologically Ecology is the scientific study of the distributions, abundance and relations of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Ecology includes the study of plant and animal populations, plant and animal communities and ecosystems. Ecosystems describe the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization, the EPA includes the Cross Timbers as part of the vast Great Plains The Great Plains are the broad expanse of prairie, steppe and grassland which lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming, and the Canadian, which comprise Level I Ecoregion 9.0, stretching from central Alberta in Canada to northern Mexico.^[7] More specifically, the Cross Timbers fall into Level II Ecoregion 9.4, the smaller South Central Semi-Arid Plains.^[8] In southern Oklahoma, the Cross Timbers are literally located on the very edge of the Great Plains, as they border directly onto parts of Level I Ecoregion 8.0, the Eastern Temperate Forests; elsewhere, the Cross Timbers are separated slightly from the Eastern Temperate Forests.^[2] In turn, the Cross Timbers are themselves subdivided into nine Level IV Ecoregions:

29a: Northern Cross Timbers

A wide belt of land stretching from south-central Oklahoma into southeastern Kansas, this is the only part of the Cross Timbers that extends into Kansas. In that state, it covers eastern Chautauqua and Elk counties and smaller portions of Greenwood, Woodson, Wilson, and Montgomery counties, while in Oklahoma, this region covers all of Seminole, Pottawatomie, and Okfuskee counties, large parts of Osage, Lincoln, Creek, Oklahoma, Cleveland, Pontotoc, Hughes, McIntosh, and Okmulgee counties, and smaller parts of Logan, Garvin, Murray, Pawnee, Tulsa, Wagoner, and Washington counties. The towns of Sapulpa, Ada, and Shawnee, Oklahoma fall within this large area; Bartlesville and Okmulgee lie on the eastern edge.^[2][4]

29b: Eastern Cross Timbers

In Oklahoma, this belt of woodland covers all of Marshall County and parts of Love, Carter, Johnston, and Bryan counties, but in Texas, this region exists as a long, very narrow strip of dense forest stretching from the Red River to just north of Waco, Texas. It passes through northwestern Grayson County, eastern Cooke, Denton and Tarrant counties, central Johnson County, western Hill County, and northern McClennan County. The city of Arlington, Texas lies within this zone, and Denton and Cleburne are on its western edge.^[2][9]

29c: Western Cross Timbers

A much wider band than the Eastern Cross Timbers, the Western Cross Timbers extend from far southern Oklahoma, including parts of Love and Carter counties, into central Texas, where it covers large parts of Montague, Young, Jack, Wise, Stephens, Palo Pinto, Parker, Eastland, Erath, Brown, San Saba, and Mills counties, as well as smaller parts of Clay, Cooke, Callahan, Hood, Coleman, and McCulloch counties. In Texas, this area includes the towns of Weatherford and Mineral Wells; Stephenville lies on the eastern fringe, while Brownwood is on the western edge.^[2][9]

The part of this region north of I-20 is sometimes colloquially referred to as the Palo Pinto Mountains;^[10][11][12] the hills are isolated, rugged, and scenic, with spectacular bluffs along the Brazos River as it flows through the region.^[11][10][13]

Coal mining has historically been an important activity, as bituminous coal deposits are found throughout the region;^[14] indeed, the town of Newcastle in Young County was named after the English city of the same name due to the coal connection.^[15]

Historically speaking, in the mid-to-late 19th century, Comanche Indians occupied this area, and it became a flash point for conflict between various groups of white settlers, the Comanche, and the U.S. Cavalry; Forts Belknap and Richardson were built in the area to protect this part of the frontier.^[16]

Numerous roads cross this region, including US 70 in Oklahoma and I-20, I-30, US 67, US 81, US 82, US 180, US 183, US 281, US 287, and US 380 in Texas.

29d: Grand Prairie

A fairly narrow strip dividing the Eastern and Western Cross Timbers, the Grand Prairie differs in physiography, topography, and land use from both of these, as it is much more nearly level and better suited to agriculture.^[2] It includes a small part of Love County, Oklahoma (the only part of this region outside of Texas) and passes south through western Cooke County, eastern Wise County, and western Denton, Tarrant, and Johnson counties, and also includes parts of Parker, Erath, Hood, Somervell, Hill, and McClennan counties. This region contains the cities of Fort Worth, Granbury and Denton, although Denton lies on the border with the Eastern Cross Timbers.^[9] I-35 and I-35W cross north to south, while US 82, US 380, I-30, I-20, US 377, and US 67 cross east to west; US 81 and US 287 also cross southwest to northeast.

29e: Limestone Cut Plains

A broader, southern extension of the Grand Prairie, found only in Texas; it is underlain by limestone rather than sandstone, and serves as a physiological and vegetational transition to the Edwards Plateau, which it borders to the south. All of Hamilton and Coryell counties, large parts of Bell, Lampasas, Mills, Erath, and Bosque counties, and smaller parts of Williamson, Burnet, Brown, Comanche, Hood, Somervell, and McClennan counties, including the towns of Killeen, Fort Hood, Copperas Cove, and Lampasas, fall within in this region.^[9] Among the few major roads that cross the Limestone Cut Plains are US 281 north to south and US 84 east to west.

29f: Carbonate Cross Timbers

This ecoregion exists as an enclave within the Western Cross Timbers, stretching from southern Jack County, Texas across northwestern Palo Pinto County into eastern Stephens County, as well as tiny parts of Young and Eastland counties. The region features a limestone substrate as opposed to sandstone, and has greater topographical relief and denser and different vegetation than other parts of the Cross Timbers. No towns of any size lie within this area, although Possum Kingdom Lake and State Park do;^[9] the region is crossed by US 180 and Texas State Highway 16.

29g: Arbuckle Uplift

Covering a fairly small area in south-central Oklahoma and underlain by a unique mosaic of several different minerals, this region includes the town of Ardmore.^[2]

29h: Northwestern Cross Timbers

An extension in two branches of the Cross Timbers into southwestern Oklahoma, this area features reduced tree density and height, but also small forests dominated by sugar maple in deeper river canyons. The town of Duncan, Oklahoma lies in this region.^[2]

29i: John Arbuckle Mountains

A small area nestled in between regions 29g and h; it is made of folded, rather than dissected, limestone, sandstone, and dolomite, and features the greatest topographical relief of the entire Cross Timbers, though not the highest elevations. The landscape includes many caves, sinkholes, springs, and streams.^[2] I-35 crosses this region north to south.

History

The thick growth formed an almost impenetrable barrier for early American explorers and travelers. Washington Irving, in 1835, described it as "like struggling through forests of cast iron."^[17] Josiah Gregg described the Cross Timbers in 1845 as varying in width from five to thirty miles and attributed their denseness to the continual burning of the prairies.

The Cross Timbers vary in width from five to thirty miles, and entirely cut off the communication betwixt the interior prairies and those of the great plains. They may be considered as the "fringe" of the great prairies, being a continuous brushy strip, composed of various kinds of undergrowth; such as black-jack, post-oaks, and in some places hickory, elm, etc., intermixed with a very diminutive dwarf oak, called by the hunters, "shin-oak." Most of the timber appears to be kept small by the continual inroads of the "burning prairies"; for, being killed almost annually, it is constantly replaced by scions of undergrowth; so that it becomes more and more dense every reproduction. In some places, however, the oaks are of considerable size, and able to withstand the conflagrations. The Underwood is so matted in many places with grapevines, green-briars, etc., as to form almost impenetrable "roughs," which serve as hiding-places for wild beasts, as well as wild Indians; and would, in savage warfare, prove almost as formidable as the hammocks of Florida.^[18]

Notes

1. ^ "Level III Ecoregions of the Coterminous United States". http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/images/useco_key.jpg. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} "Ecoregions of Oklahoma". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ok/ok_front.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Ecoregions of Texas". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/tx/tx_front.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Ecoregions of Nebraska and Kansas". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ks_ne/ksne_front.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
5. ^ "Level III Ecoregions of Texas". http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_mp_e0100_1070z_08.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
6. ^ ^{a b} "Map of the Ancient Cross Timbers". University of Arkansas Tree-Ring Laboratory. http://www.uark.edu/misc/xtimber/map/index.html. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
7. ^ "Ecological Regions of North America Level I". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/cec_na/NA_LEVEL_I.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
8. ^ "Ecological Regions of North America Level I-II". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/cec_na/NA_LEVEL_II.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Descriptions of the Level IV Ecoregions of Texas". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/tx/tx_back.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
10. ^ ^{a b} Hodge, Larry; Syers, Ed (2000). Backroads of Texas (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Lone Star Books
11. ^ ^{a b} "TPWD: An Analysis of Texas Waterways (PWD RP T-3200 1047) – Brazos River". http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/pwd_rp_t3200_1047/14_c_tx_brazos.phtml. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
12. ^ "Mineral Wells, TX". http://www.lone-star.net/mall/txtrails/mineralwells.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
13. ^ "Handbook of Texas – Metcalf Gap, TX". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/MM/hrm37.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
14. ^ "Handbook of Texas Online - Mineral Resources and Mining". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/MM/gpm1.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
15. ^ "Handbook of Texas Online - Newcastle, TX". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/NN/hln17.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
16. ^ "Brazos River Canyonlands – The Brazos River". http://brazosrivercanyonlands.com/narrative/brazosRiver.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
17. ^ Irving, A Tour on the Priaries, Ch. 21.
18. ^ Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, V. II, Ch. 10, p. 200

Bibliography

• Anderson, Roger C., James S Fralish, Jerry M. Baskin (eds.). Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 052157322x

• Francaviglia, Richard V. The Cast Iron Forest: A Natural and Cultural History of the North American Cross Timbers. University of Texas Press, 2000. ISBN 0291725159

• Gregg, Josiah. "The Cross Timbers". Commerce of the Prairies. 1845. V. II, Ch. 10, pp. 199-201. (accessed June 19, 2007: hosted by The Kansas Collection)

• Irving, Washington. "The Dreary Forests of the 'Cross Timber'". A Tour on the Prairies. 1835. Ch. 21. (accessed June 19, 2007: hosted by The Bio Techs Info Centre)

• Johnson, Neil R. (ed. C. Neil Kingsley). The Chickasaw Rancher. University Press of Colorado, 2001. ISBN 978-0-87081-635-2

• McLeran, Vic. The Cooper's Hawk: A Cross Timbers Chronicle. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation, 2000. ISBN 0-7388-5935-4 and ISBN 0-7388-5934-6

Additional reading

• Dale, Edward Everett. The Cross Timbers: Memories of a North Texas Boyhood. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1966. ISBN 0-292-73611-8

• Roach, Joyce. Wild Rose: A Folk History of a Cross Timbers Settlement, Keller, Texas. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 1996. ISBN 0898659728

References

1. ^ "Level III Ecoregions of the Coterminous United States". http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/images/useco_key.jpg. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} "Ecoregions of Oklahoma". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ok/ok_front.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Ecoregions of Texas". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/tx/tx_front.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Ecoregions of Nebraska and Kansas". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ks_ne/ksne_front.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
5. ^ "Level III Ecoregions of Texas". http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_mp_e0100_1070z_08.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
6. ^ ^{a b} "Map of the Ancient Cross Timbers". University of Arkansas Tree-Ring Laboratory. http://www.uark.edu/misc/xtimber/map/index.html. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
7. ^ "Ecological Regions of North America Level I". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/cec_na/NA_LEVEL_I.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
8. ^ "Ecological Regions of North America Level I-II". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/cec_na/NA_LEVEL_II.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Descriptions of the Level IV Ecoregions of Texas". ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/tx/tx_back.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
10. ^ ^{a b} Hodge, Larry; Syers, Ed (2000). Backroads of Texas (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Lone Star Books
11. ^ ^{a b} "TPWD: An Analysis of Texas Waterways (PWD RP T-3200 1047) – Brazos River". http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/pwd_rp_t3200_1047/14_c_tx_brazos.phtml. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
12. ^ "Mineral Wells, TX". http://www.lone-star.net/mall/txtrails/mineralwells.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
13. ^ "Handbook of Texas – Metcalf Gap, TX". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/MM/hrm37.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
14. ^ "Handbook of Texas Online - Mineral Resources and Mining". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/MM/gpm1.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
15. ^ "Handbook of Texas Online - Newcastle, TX". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/NN/hln17.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
16. ^ "Brazos River Canyonlands – The Brazos River". http://brazosrivercanyonlands.com/narrative/brazosRiver.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
17. ^ Irving, A Tour on the Priaries, Ch. 21.
18. ^ Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, V. II, Ch. 10, p. 200

External links

• The Ancient Cross Timbers Consortium
• Map of Cross Timbers
• Cross Timbers Historic Images Project–Texas
• The Cross Timbers Resource Book–Oklahoma (link to pdf file)
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Cross Timbers

Coordinates: 34°00′N 97°15′W / 34°N 97.25°W

Categories: Grasslands | Regions of the Western United States | Landforms of Kansas | Landforms of Texas | Landforms of Oklahoma | Ecoregions in the United States

Personal tools

• New features
• Log in / create account

Namespaces

• Article
• Discussion

Variants

Views

• Read
• Edit
• View history

Actions

Search

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Permanent link
• Cite this page

Print/export

• Create a book
• Download as PDF
• Printable version

Languages

• Français
• Simple English

• This page was last modified on 29 June 2010 at 06:51.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
• Contact us

• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

See Also:

What Links Here:

Recently Viewed Pages:

• Home
• Montabaur: News
• News
• Census: Encyclopedia
• Fredericksburg, Texas: Images
• County Seat: Encyclopedia
• Fredericksburg, Texas: News
• Fredericksburg, Texas: Blogs
• Referrers
• Gillespie County, Texas: Encyclopedia

Most Popular Pages:

• Pieta: Images
• Search: Discussion: Chanson
• Regional: North America: United States: Texas: Localities: F: Fredericksburg: Arts and Entertainment: Events: Directory
• Spade Ranch: Blogs
• Wayne Bridge: Blogs
• Chanson: Blogs
• Lake Bardwell: Images
• Montabaur: News
• Pieta
• Pieta: Blogs

Related 'Cross Timbers' Searches: